The short answer
Yes — cauliflower florets and leaves are both fine for budgies.
Why
Cauliflower is a safe brassica that provides vitamins and fibre. Raw or lightly steamed both work well, and the leaves are edible too.
How to feed it
Offer a small floret or chopped piece, raw or lightly steamed and cooled.
How much & how often
A few times a week.